JUPEB 2023 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE THEORY ANSWERS
(1a)
(i) Sources of foreign exchange earnings: Through the export of agricultural produce like cocoa, kolanut, groundnut, palm produce and cotton, a nation can earn foreign exchange.
(ii) Provision of Market for Industrial Goods: Agriculture provides market for industrial products such as farm machinery, chemicals and fertilizers.
(iii) Generation of Revenue: Government receives a lot of revenue from the export of agricultural products through export duties and tax.
(iv) Provision of Raw Materials for Industries: Agriculture supplies industries with raw materials for their continuous existence.
(1b)
(CHOOSE ANY BEST 3)
(i) They are not owned or controlled by the government.
(ii) They are privately – funded.
(iii) Their activities cut across many countries with specific aims to developing improved species of crops and livestock breeds.
(iv) They are non-profit making organization
(1c)
(i) Non-members of the community cannot have access to the land for farming.
(ii) There is usually lack of cooperation among community members, if the land is to be used for large scale farming.
(iii) Land cannot be pledge, sold or used as collateral by an individual.
(iv) Those with means, but who are not members of the community, find it difficult to get land for farming activities.
(1d)
(CHOOSE ANY BEST 3)
(i) Its supply is sporadic and uncertain as power depends on the wind.
(ii) Its operation is expensive compared with the energy it generates.
(iii) It is limited to certain farm operation.
(iv) It cannot be stored and it is difficult to control.
(1e)
(CHOOSE ANY BEST 2)
(i) Do not spray on a windy day.
(ii) The operator should wear protective clothing like face mask, gloves overalls and boots when spraying.
(iii) Do not spray in hot weather, especially in the afternoon.
(iv) Do not draw water from the river with chemical container.
======================
======================
(4a)
A soil profile is a vertical section through the soil, showing all its horizons, or layers, from the surface down to the parent rock.
(4b)
(I) Igneous rock is formed from molten material, such as lava or magma.
(II) It has a crystalline structure, with minerals such as feldspar, quartz, and mica.
(III) The texture of igneous rock can be phaneritic (with large crystals) or aphanitic (with small crystals).
(4c)
(I) Climate
(II) Parent material
(III) Time
(4d)
(I) Weathering and Deposition.
(II) Chemical Weathering and Leaching
(III) Microbial activity and Plant growth and root penetration.
(4e)
(I) Pesticides and fertilizers.
(II) Storage and disposal of agricultural by-products, such as dead animals and unused feed.
======================
======================
(5a)
(I) A piece of the yam tuber, containing one or more “eyes” (small indentations from which new shoots can grow), is cut from the parent plant and planted in the soil. The yam plant will then grow from the “eye” of the cutting, producing a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent.
(II) Yams are typically planted during the rainy season, when there is sufficient moisture in the soil to support the growth of the tubers. In some cases, farmers may plant yams in the dry season if they have access to irrigation systems or if they are growing drought-resistant varieties of yams.
(III) Yams require a fair amount of space to grow and develop properly, and farmers should aim to provide enough room for the plants to spread out and establish a strong root system. A typical spacing distance for yams is between 60 and 90 centimeters between plants, with 90 to 120 centimeters between rows.
(IV) One cultural practice commonly used in yam cultivation is the use of mulch. Mulching involves covering the soil around the yam plants with a layer of organic material, such as straw, leaves, or grass clippings.
This practice has several benefits for yam cultivation, including the suppression of weeds, the conservation of soil moisture, and the improvement of soil structure and fertility. Mulching can also help to regulate the temperature of the soil, which can be beneficial for yam growth.
(5b)
(I) Improving soil structure and fertility.
(II) Supporting beneficial organisms.
(III) Controlling erosion.
(5c)
(I) Increased production costs.
(II) Spread of disease.
(III) Loss of marketability.
(5d)
(I) Insecticides
(II) Fungicides
(III) Herbicides
(5e)
(I) Potato
(II) Corn
======================
======================
(6ai)
Transplanting is the transfer of seedlings from nursery beds to their permanent positions in the field.
(6aii)
Supplying also know as filling-in is the replacement of seeds that fail to germinate or seedling that dies.
(6aiii)
Shading is the art of erection cover above seedlings. It also protects seedlings from harsh external environmental conditions e.g. Sun and rain drops.
=======================
=======================
(10a)
Cost price = ₦200,000
Salvage value = ₦10,000
Useful life = 10years
Annual depreciation = Cost price – Salvage value/Useful life in years
Annual depreciation= 200,000 – 10,000/10
Annual depreciation = ₦19,000
(10b)
(i) Inadequate information; He may lack information on where to buy farm inputs or acquire information on new innovations and current prices of farm inputs
(ii) Problems of Marketing: He may not know how and where to sell his produce, at what time to sell and at which price to sell to make maximum profit.
(iii) Inadequate Personnel: He may not get the right management team to work on the farm. They may be too expensive to work on the farm.
(iv) Administrative Problem: He may lack the technical know-how, good human relationship with staff, and the condition of his health may affect the performance of his duties.
(10c)
(10d)
(2a)
i. It uses agro-chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides
ii. Records are kept in commercial agriculture.
iii. Irrigation system may be practiced.
(2b)
(2c)
i. Check the electrolyte of battery every day and too when necessary
ii. Inspect the tractor every day before starting.
iii. Check the oil level daily and top it when necessary
(2d)
i. Adequate ventilation
ii. Temperature range of 30⁰C-39⁰C
iii. Relative humidity of 50-70%;an optimum level being 60%.
(2e)
– ploughing
– planting
– traction
(10a)
Cost price = ₦200,000
Salvage value = ₦10,000
Useful life = 10years
Annual depreciation = Cost price – Salvage value/Useful life in years
Annual depreciation= 200,000 – 10,000/10
Annual depreciation = ₦19,000
(10b)
(i) Inadequate information; He may lack information on where to buy farm inputs or acquire information on new innovations and current prices of farm inputs
(ii) Problems of Marketing: He may not know how and where to sell his produce, at what time to sell and at which price to sell to make maximum profit.
(iii) Inadequate Personnel: He may not get the right management team to work on the farm. They may be too expensive to work on the farm.
(iv) Administrative Problem: He may lack the technical know-how, good human relationship with staff, and the condition of his health may affect the performance of his duties.
(10c)
(i) Group demonstration: This is used to show the technique of doing things or carrying out new practices e.g. clean milk production, paneer making, ghee making, etc. This method is usually used for groups of people.
(ii) Farm visit: This constitutes the direct or face-to-face contact by an extension professional with the farmer or the members of his family. During these visits, information is exchanged or discussed. The visits may be to get acquainted with the problems of the farmers.
(10d)
(i) Principles of adaptability in the use of teaching methods
(ii) Principle of participation
(iii) Principle of leadership
(iv) Principle of trained specialists
(v) Principle of satisfaction
(7a)
(i)Selection: This is the process of picking/choosing one or more animals with desired qualities from a group/population for breeding purposes.
(ii) Breeding: This is the mating of animals of the same species with the aim of transferring desirable qualities from parents to offspring.
(7b)
Gene is defined as a section of DNA that encodes for a certain trait. While An allele is defined as a variant form of a gene.
(7c)
(i)To prevent and control common disease events.
(ii)To enhance animal growth.
(7d)
Tabulate;
-Iron-
Source; Organ meats or fish
Function; important of components haemoglobin
Deficiency symptoms; Extreme fatigue
- phosphorus-
Source; meats or fish
Function; important for healthy bone and teeth
Deficiency symptoms;Extreme fatigue